OCOJ: Tagging Conventions

Tagging conventions

The corpus consists of Old Japanese texts which are supplied with a range of information in the form of xml tags, following the conventions of the Text Encoding Initiative. The texts are romanized in a phonemic transcription and supplied with information about the original orthography; original script is also retained. Lexemes and morphemes are given unique identifiers and words are part-of-speech tagged. Inflecting words are supplied with information about morphology. Finally, information about syntactic constituency is encoded.

Romanization & Writing

The texts are romanized in a phonemic transcription which reflects the phonology of Old Japanese. The corpus employs the Frellesvig & Whitman system of transcription.

Throughout the OJ period, Japanese was written entirely in Chinese characters (kanji) which were used either logographically or phonographically. The corpus indicates in the romanization whether strings of text are written logographically or phonographically in the original Japanese script. The romanized text is linked line by line with the original Japanese script.

Syllable type	Index notation	Ohno	Modified Mathias- Miller	Yale	Frellesvig & Whitman

Kō-rui	i₁	i	î	yi	i
Otsu-rui	i₂	ï	ï	iy	wi
neutral	i	i	i	i	i

Kō-rui	e₁	e	ê	ye	ye
Otsu-rui	e₂	ë	ë	ey	e
neutral	e	e	e		e

Kō-rui	o₁	o	ô	wo	wo
Otsu-rui	o₂	ö	ö	o	o
neutral	o	o	o	o	o

Table 1. OJ transcription systems

Gloss	NJ	Frellesvig & Whitman	Index notation	Yale	Modified Mathias- Miller	Ohno
'fire'	hi	pwi	pi₂	piy	pï	pï
'sun'	hi	pi	pi₁	pyi	pî	pi
'blood'	chi	ti	ti	ti	ti	ti
'woman'	me	mye	me₁	mye	mê	me
'eye'	me	me	me₂	mey	më	më
'hand'	te	te	te	te	te	te
'child'	ko	kwo	ko₁	kwo	kô	ko
'this'	ko	ko	ko₂	ko	kö	kö
'ear (of rice)'	ho	po	po	po	po	po

Table 2. Examples

Part of speech; lexeme and morpheme identification

Words in the texts are tagged for part-of-speech. Each lexeme and morpheme in the corpus is assigned a unique identification number. This number is encoded in the text as an @ana attribute.

The information about the lexical item is stored in a dictionary file which was created using the TEI dictionaries module. This file contains the following information: (a) sound shape at various points in time, (b) part-of-speech, (c) function and/or definition, (d) conjugation class for inflecting words and other relevant morphological information, (e) related lexical items.

Morphology

For inflecting words, full information is given about inflected forms, auxiliaries, auxiliary verbs, and compounding.

Syntax

Syntactic analysis in the corpus marks sentences, clauses, and phrases. Each clause is delimited to directly contain elements corresponding to a root predicate, overt arguments and complements, modifying expressions, modal extensions, and conjunctional particles. Phrases are delimited around nominal expressions directly contained by clauses, and also around nominal expressions that take pre-nominal modifiers. Arguments are marked as such.

Tagging conventions

Here are some of our tagging conventions, including those for words (<w>) and morphemes (<m>):

<w> : Denotes a simple or complex word or word-like element.

@type: States part of speech.

adjNoun	adjectival nouns
adjective	adjectives
adverb	adverbs
copula	copula
extension	verbal extensions
interjection	interjections
modifier	modifiers
noun	nouns
number	numbers
particle	particles
pronoun	nouns
verb	verbs

@subtype: Specifies the type of particle.

case	case particle
comp	complementizer
conj	conjunctional particle
finl	clause or sentence final particle
foc	focus particle
intj	interjectional particle
res	restrictive particle
top	topic particle

@function: Identifies the function of case and final particles and stative and progressive function of certain verbs.

abl	ablative
acc	accusative
all	allative
com	comitative
conj	conjectural final particles
dat	dative
emph	emphatic particles
evd	evidential final particles
excl	exclamatory final particles
gen	genitive
inst	instrumental
intr	interrogative final particles
nec	necessitive final particles
negconj	negative conjectural final particles
opt	optative final particles
prb	prohibitive final particles
progressive	progressive function of verbs
stative	stative function of verbs

@inflection: States the inflection of words.

adnconc	The adnominal or conclusive form. This is used when the forms are identical in shape.
adnominal	The adnominal form.
concessive	The concessive form.
conclusive	The conclusive form.
conditional	The conditional form.
continuative	The continuative form.
exclamatory	The exclamatory form.
gerund	The gerund form.
imperative	The imperative form.
infconc	The infinitive or conclusive form. This is used when the forms are identical in shape.
infinitive	The infinitive form.
negConjectural	The negative conjectural form.
nominal	The nominal form.
optative	The optative form.
provisional	The provisional form.
sem	the semblative forms of the copula
stem	The stem of a verb or adjective. For verbs this indicates a non-final form, for adjectives this indicates bare stem modifiers or occurs with the copula.

<m> : Denotes a morpheme.

@type: Describes the type and/or function of a morpheme.

adjcop	adjectival copula
auxadj	auxiliary adjective
auxiliary	auxiliary
circumfix	circumfix
copula	copula
counter	counter
nominalizer	nominalizer
numeral	numeral
prefix	prefix
suffix	suffix

@inflection: States the inflection of morphemes.

adnconc	The adnominal or conclusive form. This is used when the forms are identical in shape
adnominal	The adnominal form.
concessive	The concessive form.
conclusive	The final form.
conditional	The conditional form.
continuative	The continuative form.
exclamatory	The exclamatory form.
gerund	The gerund form.
imperative	The imperative form.
infconc	The infinitive or conclusive form. This is used when the forms are identical in shape
infinitive	The infinitive form.
negConjectural	The negative conjectural form.
negNominal	The negative nominal form.
nominal	The nominal form.
optative	The optative form.
provisional	The provisional form.
stem	The stem of an adjectival copula or auxiliary.

@function: Describes the function of a morpheme.

causative	causative
conjectural	conjectural
desiderative	desiderative
emph	emphatic
evid	evidential
grad	gradual use
hon	honorific
intense	intensifying use
intent	intentional
iterative	iterative
modalPast	modal past
neg	negative
optative	optative
passive	passive
perf	the perfective
potential	potential
prohibitive	prohibitive
reciprocal	reciprocal
respect	respect
simplePast	simple past
stative	stative
subjunctive	subjunctive
unknown	verbal prefixes of unclear function

<c> : Gives orthographical information.

@type: States how a word or morpheme was rendered.

logo	text written logographically
noLogo	Text that is not directly represented in the original script, and is rendered based on reading tradition.
phon	text written phonographically